You are seeing this message because your web browser does not support basic web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing and what you can do to make your experience on this site better.


Home | Sign In | Contact Us | Careers | Site Map | Help


Advertisement

The Last Word on Layoffs: Evidence on Costs and Implementation Practices

People who read this also read:

Over the last two weeks (1, 2), I’ve looked at some of the best ways to manage layoffs. A study by Christopher Zatzick and Rick Iverson of Simon Fraser University, published in the Academy of Management Journal last October, adds an interesting twist. They found that layoffs have the most negative effects on subsequent performance in “high involvement” workplaces. These are workplaces where employees have more decision-making authority and responsibility and greater emphasis is placed on the importance of human beings compared to traditional workplaces. As Zatzick and Iverson conclude, this finding makes sense, because when members of an organization have been treated especially humanely, given substantial authority, and persistently told how much they are valued, layoffs violate the “psychological contract” between the organization and its people. In contrast, organizations that have a history of treating employees in less humane ways and giving them less power, and then do involuntary layoffs, aren’t breaking any implicit or explicit psychological contract -- employees don’t have as much reason to believe that such treatment is breaking any promises.

This may all sound like evidence that “no good deed goes unpunished.” But Zatzick and Iverson did find that high involvement companies that stuck to their practices during downsizing rebounded more quickly than those companies that abandoned high involvement practices after implementing layoffs. So two lessons emerge from this research:

1. If you run a “high involvement” or especially humane organization, layoffs will do more initial harm than if your organization uses more traditional practices. So it is especially essential to use layoffs as a last resort when you have a history of treating people well.

2. If you do feel forced to implement layoffs, stick with the high involvement work practices. Productivity will recover more quickly than if you abandon such practices.

More generally, a large body of research (see Jeffrey Pfeffer’s book The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First) suggests that when organizations treat their people well (in terms of pay, empowerment, respect, using layoffs as a last resort, and so on), they will consistently outperform competitors over the long haul. Such research suggests that when leaders see employees as replaceable cogs in the organizational machine, as little more than “units of production,” they are not only denying the humanity of their people, they are also are likely to cost their companies -- and themselves -- some serious money down the road.

P.S. For more on this topic, I recommend reading The Disposable American: Layoffs and Their Consequences, by Louis Uchitelle.


HARVARD BUSINESS ONLINE RECOMMENDS:
Lead Change--Successfully, 3rd Edition (HBR Article Collection)
Winning Your Employees' Trust (HBR Article Collection)
Managing Change (Interactive CD-ROM)


* * *
Sign up for the Harvard Business Publishing Weekly Hotlist, a new weekly email roundup featuring the top highlights from HarvardBusiness.org.

Comments

I perfectly agree with Bob Sutton,

In my experiences at working at various Asian Manufacturinging companies, many companies which hire the high-involvement HR practices have experieced the big obstables;encountering furious resistance of labor union, suffering psychological "Trauma" both remainers, and laid-off personnels, impossible to building up trust between management and employees and so on.

However, high-involvement system is still valuable in many asian companies for its "productivity" In the short-time based management system, high-involvement system looks not good to achieve the short-sighted goals, but in the long-run the high-involvement system can guarantee the sustainable success with self-directing team performance improvement.

So, we have to be careful to practice the "Lay-off", especially in the company who is practicing high-involvement system.

- Posted by Jeong-Hwan Choi
August 27, 2007 3:27 PM

The lay-off can only terminate official contract, it need not result in loss of human touch. The company that resorts to lay-off can do well to see that the laid-off staff are properly placed in some other organization. Maybe it's asking for too much, but we can make an attempt at revoulionising our thinking pattern.

- Posted by Ramesh
August 27, 2007 11:32 PM

For me the discussion is very timely. I find some sense in the research findings in terms of the damage that can be done in carrying out layoffs to companies that care so much for their employees.

I am managing a Change Management process at a 3000+ company with a reputation of caring. Structures will be flattened so high-level workers will be affected not only by laying them off, but the reduced power distance between them and a shop-floor workers could usher a new spate of cultural shift. It sounds mechanically easy but emotive undercurrents could sincere affect productivity in the immediate to the mid-term future and blame could be easily leveled against the whole change management process - and the consultants involved.

Are there therefore any other practical suggestions as to how one should go about implementing retrenchment in order to minimize cost effects.

Thanks for sharing though.

- Posted by Dr Gurvy Kavei
August 28, 2007 11:58 AM

Truly, lay-off should be of last resort.

Layoff has got a very negative effect due to most of the corporate in their financial statement buzzing of great operational efficiency but layoff their employees after few days or quarters later. This send a signal of negativity, letting laid off employee feel of political environment have taken toll to their jobs whereas non-laid-off employee work under pressure thinking of political environment prevailing their workplace.

Lay-off should be based on reason, a positive message of the firm's position for the unfavorable situation which not only should satisfy the psychological aspect of laid-off employee but also the same aspect of the retained employee with a positive signal to the firm's ecological system. Layoff should not distance any employee whether laid-off, retained or going to join the organization. It should result in favorable business environment for the organization. In future the laid off employee should be able to willing join the organization without any hesitation.

If the layoff is the only resort it should end with a positive note.

- Posted by Sanjay Date
August 29, 2007 12:34 AM

It's a very delicate issue. Lots care and genuine sympathy with the affected persons are needed. A personal interaction with those who are to be laid-off and a deep listening are a must. All of us are vulnerable; what happens to somebody may happen to us some other day. So if we approach issues with this attitude, no harm will be done.

- Posted by Ramesh
August 29, 2007 1:38 AM

I very much understand what "negative effects of layoffs in a high involvement workplace" is.

Recently some of our key officers left the system under certain circumstances. The ripple effect of that action is still reverberating within the workplace. The feeling of anxiety is palpable. Staff Morale and productivity has taken a nose dive.

Going through Bob Sutton's article, I understand that sticking to our traditional high involvement work practices will lead to a quick recovery of productivity. This definitely is a light at the end of the tunnel for us in the Management team.

- Posted by Orji Ajah
August 29, 2007 3:45 AM

dear all
I do believe it is hard to lay off either way, caring or not caring style, but I think that when the company works in a caring style of involving employees in decision making the result will be better awareness at the employees side of the nessecity or need for reform, so they should be better prepared for the change, and more understanding.
what might be a good compromise is to try to reallocate employees in another company with suitable arrangements.
thanks to all
Shadia

- Posted by shadia marawi
August 30, 2007 7:37 AM

Hi Everyone,

In this age of layoffs in many sectors of business, I have discovered a vast array of styles utilized while in the layoff process. The worst, and by far most cruel way of implementing such practices, is to imply to the employee that they were on the bottom of the food chain. The outgoing employee, who may have many years of tenure will be devastated by the, "well its just business" mentality. The layoff is a dramatic, life-altering experience that has deep ramifications. We all agree that layoffs send a distinct message to the financial community, but how they are conducted will give the investor an insight to the organizations' compassion and corporate personality. With a non-caring approach, investors may see a side of the firm they don't like or appreciate. Positive actions, communication, and genuine caring are the key elements.

- Posted by Chuck Mihlbauer
September 1, 2007 2:08 PM

In a well-managed organization, lay-offs should not occur in the first place. Unfortunately, as organizations grow, there is invariably a tendency to have more people than are necessary. One example is the IT Enabled Services Sector. At any point of time,
5 - 7% of software specialists are "on the bench", a euphemism that they do not have any work. The argument in favor of excessive human capital is that it is a contingency if something were to come up suddenly. If this argument is to be accepted, there is no place in organizations for planning, forecasting and strategy. In many cases, the contingency rarely arises with the result the organization is forced to resort to lay-offs. In a recent study, we have found that in the organizations with the best performance on a variety of parameters, the number of people is less, not more. In other words, there is a strong case for emphasizing on productivity rather than the size of the workforce.

- Posted by B V Krishnamurthy
September 12, 2007 5:08 AM

Return to Bob Sutton

Join The Discussion

* Required Fields




Verification (needed to reduce spam):

Return to Bob Sutton


Posting Guidelines

We hope the conversations that take place on HarvardBusiness.org will be energetic, constructive, free-wheeling, and provocative. To make sure we all stay on-topic, all posts will be reviewed by our editors and may be edited for clarity, length, and relevance.

We ask that you adhere to the following guidelines.

  1. No selling of products or services. Let's keep this an ad-free zone.
  2. No ad hominem attacks. These are conversations in which we debate ideas. Criticize ideas, not the people behind them.
  3. No multimedia. If you want us to know about outside sources, please point to them, Don't paste them in.
We look forward to including your voices on the site - and learning from you in the process.

The editors


Stay Connected

RSS Feeds
Email Newsletters
Twitter: @HarvardBiz
YouTube
Podcasts on iTunes
Harvard Business Mobile

About This Author

Bob SuttonRobert Sutton is Professor of Management Science and Engineering at Stanford University, where he co-founded the Center for Work, Technology and Organization.His most recent book is The No Asshole Rule: Building a Civilized Workplace and Surviving One That Isn’t. Sutton’s personal blog is Work Matters; he also maintains (with Jeffrey Pfeffer) a website focusing on the use of evidence-based management.

Introducing The Working Life